The Battle for the Scarlet Letter Essay Example For Students

The Battle for the Scarlet Letter Essay The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is, on many levels, a struggle between good and evil. Each character falls on the spectrum of good and evi. Arthur Dimmesdale, an agent of God, is the towns most respected reverend. He is a deeply moral man who regrets the sins he has committed. He practices self-mutilation to punish himself for an affair with a married woman, Hester Prynne. Hester wears the Scarlet Letter, said to be the mark of the Black Man, as a punishment for her sin. Pearl, her daughter, asks her mother, IS there such a Black Man? And didst thou ever meet him? And is this his mark? (170)Bibliography: We will write a custom essay on The Battle for the Scarlet Letter specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Identify three parenting styles and explain the impact of one of these styles on childrens development.

Identify three parenting styles and explain the impact of one of these styles on childrens development. In modern psychology it is a well established notion within the field that effective parenting is crucial in developing healthy psychosocial development amongst children. Psychologists like Freud and Erikson recognized the importance of the parents in the child's emotional, social and psychological development. Much of our adult life sense of adjustment or maladjustment is due to our childhood experiences and our parental relationship or caregivers during our formative years.Psychologist Diana Baumrind was fascinated by the correlation between parent/s and child and the psychosocial development interplay which exist. Parenting is fraught with pitfalls and grey zones. There is certainly no manual that comes along with the new borne stipulating right or wrong parenting approaches. These are formulated through trial and error. Baumrind sought to establish a theoretical framework identifying and outlining the various types of parenting approaches. She theorized that parenting styles coul d be placed into three distinct categories. Baumrind conceived that parenting was permissive, authoritarian or authoritative.Cover of ParentingAuthoritarian parents and Permissive parents lie at opposite ends of the parental divide with the authoritative parenting approach seemingly striking an equilibrium between the two.Permissive parents approach parenting in a laid back withdrawn manner establishing very few rules or parameters with which to govern the child's behaviour. It is a general consensus that the permissive approach to parenting produces unfavourable results. Parents who display this benign attitude towards a child generally serve as a poor role model. The child is less likely to adopt positive standards of conduct.Authoritarian parents on the other hand institute a series of convoluted regulations, rigid rules and rely strongly on punishment in order to maintain control. They view them selves as the omnipotent authority and do not appreciate being questioned. The child is not encouraged to exert any autonomy and exploration is not promoted. There...

Market Reseach Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Market Reseach - Research Proposal Example The latter issue has attracted the attention of this company to consumers representing the personal segment or ordinary consumer segment. It is expected that this group may be concerned about the issue of price and the latter proposal will ascertain whether this is a true fact or not. The client has set a period of eight weeks for the completion of the project. Consequently, all the tasks in the research will be distributed evenly within this period. Allocations will be done depending on the weight of the task and how many parties will need to be involved in the process. The focus group will be essential in determining the factors that consumers consider when making decisions about the purchase of notebook computers. Besides this, they will also reveal information about sources of information that they rely on before choosing to buy a notebook computer. Information about the kind of features that make competitors more successful within the market will be sought. This is especially because the market has become relatively competitive today. Special emphasis will be given to price offerings in this particular industry segment as it was a serious concern by CB A budget of two thousand pounds a... 3.2) Notebook computer information This part will dwell on how the notebook computer is regarded by clients in terms of its appearance. Information such as the computer's exteriors design will be looked into. For example colour, design and thickness Information about the interior features of the computer will also be imperative. Things such as display cards, memory, CPU, mainboard and other features will be examined 3.3) Competitor's information Information about the kind of features that make competitors more successful within the market will be sought. This is especially because the market has become relatively competitive today. Special emphasis will be given to price offerings in this particular industry segment as it was a serious concern by CB 4.0 Methodology A budget of two thousand pounds allows one to do more secondary than primary research. (Aaker & Day, 1990) The information sought during the research will represent both quantitative and qualitative portions of the paper. Quantitative aspects will cover the numerical elements of the research such as price. Additionally, qualitative aspects of the research will be reflected by looking into consumer experiences especially with regard to the decision making process. These two aspects govern exactly how the kind of 4.1 Desk research This part of the research will entail an examination of data sources that may have contained information about related topics to the one under consideration. Here, their methods or processes and their results will be thoroughly be examined in order to ascertain that the right procedure is being followed. Additionally, related computer websites will be consulted so as to seek information

Paradise Trilogy by Ulrich Seid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Paradise Trilogy by Ulrich Seid - Essay Example Comparisons between the formal strategies of all the three elements of the Paradise Trilogy are also made. The paper also discusses the political relevance of Seidl’s work in the society of today. Introduction The depictions of human life in Ulrich Seidl’s Paradise Trilogy are certainly not represented in manners that would appeal to a close-minded audience. Therefore, to truly appreciate the essence of Seidl’s filmmaking in the Paradise Trilogy the private lives of the characters should be observed carefully and even their most disturbing secrets accepted. The Paradise Trilogy represents in its three installments the true feelings that humans yearn for and seek in life; love, faith and hope. The achievement for the director however, certainly remains in how the movies are presented in a way that is entirely realistic yet disturbing and provocative. The purpose of this paper is to extensively and comprehensively analyze the formal strategies of the last installme nt of the Paradise Trilogy, Paradise: Hope. The discussion aims to understand the transition of the formal strategies employed by the director throughout the three movies by examining the similarities and difference that are reflected in the entire trilogy. In conclusion the paper aims to define the art of Ulrich Seidl that is portrayed through the course of Paradise Trilogy’s journey with regards to its political and aesthetic relevance to the society of today. Paradise Trilogy According to Perry the progression of formal strategies in cinema is a reflection of the evolution of filmmaking itself that gradually transitioned from the sketches of mid and late 1800s in favor of tackling more complex storylines and abstract ideas in the early 1900s (25). While, commentators and analysts such as Perry would assert that the progression of formal strategies in filmmaking are representations of a new epoch in the history of cinema it should be noted that the skills of a director such as Seidl who wishes to portray human condition as it really is augments the implementation of formal strategies in films. Even though, the essence and the core of Paradise Trilogy remains inert throughout the three parts the interrelation of the stories has not barred Ulrich Seidl from employing a range of formal strategies in his last installment Paradise: Hope. As with Seidl’s previous work such as the movie titled Import/Export, those who are familiar with his talents would have expected the director to continue the projection of despair and stagnation with regards to the protagonist of the film. As Frey notes that once the director famously wished viewers present at the premier of his movie, Dog Days (2001) â€Å"a disturbing evening† (189). What certainly comes as a relief for the audience is that Paradise: Hope’s protagonist Melanie Lenz displays much conviction and integrity throughout the course of the movie which documents her journey at a diet camp an d her relationship with a much older doctor, the last installment of the trilogy in fact assists the emergence of an optimistic and hopeful side to Seidl that was indeed unexpected but rewarding. While it is obvious that the films in the trilogy share an important relationship with regards to the involvement of the characters in each installment of Paradise, the protagonist in Seidl’

Ismg ch18 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ismg ch18 - Essay Example lue of IT within the organization; understanding and designing an effective project management system; selecting the most viable vendors for IT and ably managing this system; delving into infrastructure management; and finally, being able to anticipate emerging technologies which could be appropriately and effectively applied within the organizational setting. As IT was noted to be continuously changing, evolving and transforming, the CIO needs to be able to weigh IT issues and concerns depending on their urgency and those which were deemed critical to keep the organization safe and running. The paramount importance of safety and security of information and system needs to be prioritized to prevent security breaches, work disruption, and an erosion of confidence and image of the corporation. As such, the CIO needs to take risks but be able to manage that risk to ensure that the returns are maximized and that the future of the organization is protected and ensured. Therefore, as much as internal resources need to be effectively assessed and understood; the CIO needs to closely monitor external factors to address unexpected circumstances. From what one read from the Adventures of an IT Leader (Austin, Nolan and ODonnell), Jim Barton personified a successful CIO and the key characteristics and traits that were possessed are as follows: (1) being diligent and committed in understanding what is unknown but exerting efforts to know as much as what could be known; (2) having a firm belief and strong presence of mind to rely on people who could be trusted and who could effectively deliver what is needed in IT; (3) possessing skills of introspection, conflict resolution, problem-solving, resource generation and allocation, as well as decision-making; (4) not being afraid to ask the right people when there is something that needs to be clarified and understood; (5) being transparent and honest about IT concerns and issues, especially with one’s superiors; (6) admitting

Thermal Conductivity In Physical Engineering Engineering Essay

Thermal Conductivity In Physical Engineering Engineering Essay Thermal Conductivity  is an essential physical property for designing engineering process and measuring the capacity of temperature exchange between heat and cold passing through a material mass. Techniques were developed to measure thermal conductivity in a various materials, Hence the objective of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing different methods for measuring thermal conductivity as well as construction of the experimental assemble to measure thermal conductivity of numerous materials with the aim of analysis of the experimental data. This paper illustrates the methods of the measurements of thermal conductivity and the process by which it will be brought to a successful culmination. The study of thermal conductivity is important for engineers to know the nature of thermal energy, temperature and how materials store thermal energy as well as to predict the performance of any given material over its lifetime in a specific application. Also to identify the thermal properties of material so as to assess the performance of certain material and develop efficient heat transfer materials for engines and spacecrafts. This project has been taken on board, due to a lack of information and research available on thermal conductivity measurements. Heat is transferred by three procedures which include Conduction, Convection and Radiation. It engages transfer of thermal energy from one place to another. Thermal conductivity is a significant parameter for the analysis of heat transfer through conduction. Conduction takes place due to the particle collision which results in the transfer of thermal energy. Thermal conductivity (k) is an essential property of a material and defined as amount of heat transferred in a unit thickness of materials in a direction because of change in temperature in constant boundary state in a direction perpendicular to the area of transfer. It is measured in watts per Kelvin per meter (WK-1m-1) and determines the rate of energy loss through a material. The project is titled as study of methods for measurement of thermal conductivity. The project will present the literature review about the methods as well as conducting an experiment to measure the thermal conductivity of different materials. In addition, a thorough analysis of the experimental data is to be obtained while performing the experiment. The aims and objectives of this report pursue as: Understanding of theoretical and experimental methods to measure thermal conductivity of solids, liquids and gases. Construction of experimental rig. A thorough analysis of the experimental data. DELIVERABLES 3.1 GENERIC DELIVERABLES Based on the module guide, the following are the generic deliverables for the academic year 2010-2011; Semester Title Start Date Submission Date Semester 1 Preliminary start Monday 27th September Submit Project Planning Report + Log Book Friday 26th November Semester 2 Dissertation start Monday 31st January Project seminars and poster Week commencing 11th April Submission of final report Thursday 28th April Table 2 Delivery dates set by Kingston University for entire project 3.2 PROJECT DELIVERABLES The objectives of the project have been identified and analysed to produce the following deliverables that will have been produced at the end of the project Construction of an experimental rig to measure thermal conductivity of selected material Analysis of the experimental Data Comparison of the results ANALYSIS OF TASKS The tasks that need to be executed in order to achieve the aims of the project, produce the deliverables on schedule and bring the project to a successful end are as follows: Literature review of conductivity methods Journals Books E-resources Research Conductivity methods of solids Conductivity methods of Liquids Conductivity methods of gas Construction of the experimental Rig Results Comparison A literature review will give an insight into various methods of conductivity. Journals, books and other forms of resources will be used to get an understanding of current concepts of methods and recent modifications (Advantages, disadvantages and limitation). This will form the base of the construction of the experimental rig. Once the technique is selected to perform, various materials will be used to determine their conductivity and hence, the data obtained will be analysed. GANTT CHART A timeline/Gantt chart should be produced, showing the sequence and duration of the tasks over the project lifetime. A set of key milestones by which the project progress can be monitored may also be produced. Figure 1 Illustrate an Inital Gantt Chart PROGRESSION TO DATE As of 26/11/10 the project is at the beginning of the research phase. The literature review has been completed by looking into journals and online resources. The information gathered has been on advantages, disadvantages, limitation, process and setup of the conductivity measurement techniques. I have gathered and read a number of journals relating to conductivity measurements. 6.1 METHODS TO MEASURE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SOLIDS In solids, particles are packed close together by chemical bonds. As heat is transferred, the particles gains energy which results in increase in kinetic energy and particles vibrate against theneighbouring particles causing transfer of energy between the particles. Increase in temperature causes increase in thermal conductivity because of the mobility of boundless electrons. Heat energy is transferred in solids by means of lattice waves, electrical carriers and electromagnetic waves. In metals, the heat is largely transferred by electrical carriers whilst in insulators lattice waves carry large amount of heat. The change in magnitude and temperature of thermal conductivity of solids is due to the dislocations, imperfections of lattice forces and interface between lattice waves and carriers. However the change of thermal conductivity varies depending upon materials. A summary of different techniques to measure thermal conductivities is shown on next page. C-THERM TCi SYSTEM TRANSIENT PLANE SOURCE METHOD HOT-WIRE METHOD NEEDLE PROB METHOD Figure 2 Summary of Techniques to measure thermal conductivity of solids Transient Techniques Methods to measure thermal conductivity of solids Steady State Techniques Comparative Method Pipe Test Method Cut Bar Method Guarded Hot Plate Method 6.1.1 HOT-WIRE METHOD It exists in three forms which include single, crossed resistive wires and two parallel wires distant apart. It is utilized to measure thermal conductivity of refractories and takes several assumptions into account which pursue as: Isotropic Material with Uniform preliminary Temperature Figure 3 Setup of Hot-Wire method (2010, Home, [Internet], Available at: http://www.tpl.fpv.ukf.sk/engl_vers/hot_wire.htm , accessed on 8 October 2010)Hot wire an ideal, infinite thin, and long line heat supply Thermal Conductivitycan be determined by temperature vs. time response (K) due to production of heat flux (q) in the wire surrounded in the sample. Equation 2 Measurement of thermal Conductivity using Hot-Wire Method Advantages Disadvantages Precise Extensive Procedure of measuring at specified temperature Simplistic in Configuration Not utilized to measure thermal conductivity of anisotropic material Short Duration in Measurement Expertise required Table 3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hot-wire Method 6.1.2 NEEDLE PROB METHOD It is utilized to measure thermal conductivity of materials as well as thermal diffusivity and specific heat. It has the ability for in-situ measurements and effective contact of the sample with a single tiny gap. When measuring the thermal conductivities of solids, samples are outfitted with hole machined in order to enclose probe diameter whilst measuring liquids, probes are pushed into the samples that are to be tested. This method consists of hollow tube functioning as heat supply element and temperature sensor estrange by means of medium with high thermal conductivity and electrical insulation to ensure minor difference of radial temperature within the probe. 6.1.3 TRADITIONAL TRANSIENT PLANE SOURCE METHOD (TPS) Figure 4 Apparatus of TPS (2010, Home, [Internet] Available at: http://www.ask.com/wiki/Thermal_conductivity_measurement , 10 October 2010)It is also acknowledged as Hot Disk Method and has several advantages such as accurate, comprehensiveness and ease of application. It consists of a flat sensor along with continuous double spiral of electrically conducting nickel metal etched out of thin foil and clad between two layer of kapton which provides mechanically stability and electrically insulation to the sensor. The rise in temperature is caused when current passes through nickel spiral and heat formed is dispersed by sample. Thermal conductivity is measured by recording temperature vs. time response in the sensor. In addition, modified traditional transient plane source method imparts maximum flexibility for scrutinizing thermal conductivity of liquids and powder and sustain heating element on a support. It utilizes single surface interfacial heat reflectance sensor that provides constant heat to the sample and functions temporarily. 6.1.4 TRANSIENT LINE SOURCE METHOD (C-THERM TCi SYSTEM) It is the infinite line source with constant power per unit length and identical in principle to Hot-wire method. In order to determine temperature at a certain distance the following equation was taken into consideration: Equation 3 Measurement of temperature using C-Therm TCi System where: Q = Power per unit Length E = Exponential Integral t = Time Passed since Heating 6.1.5 PIPE TEST METHOD Figure 5 Apparatus of Pipe Test Method (2010, Home, [Internet], Available at: http://www.evitherm.org/default.asp?lan=1ID=894Menu1=894 , 13 October 2010)It is identical in concept to the guarded hot plate method. It consists of a central heater which contains a cylinder placed in such a way that the heater achieves a constant temperature by means of alteration in spacing of windings in the heater in permutation with the utilization of concise split guard heaters at the ends. It can operate horizontally and vertically by situating the apparatus in a stable environment. It employs radial flow to determine thermal conductivity of minerals, plastics etc. 6.1.6 COMPARATIVE TECHNIQUE Figure 6 Apparatus of Comparative Technique (2010, Home, [Internet], Available at: http://www.evitherm.org/default.asp?lan=1ID=893Menu1=893 , 15 October 2010)A test specimen is crammed under load flanked by two reference materials; each is bounded by longitudinal guard cylinder. This results in production of temperature gradient along with the stack as well as longitudinal heat flows as consequences of temperature gradient in the guard cylinder to that in specimen stack. Therefore, the thermal conductivity is measured by recording the difference in temperature across the reference and test specimen. It has several advantages which pursue as: Versatile Simple in implementation Adaptable It is also known as the workhorse of the thermal conductivity field and can be utilized to measure homogenous and heterogeneous composite solids. 6.1.7 GUARDED HOT-PLATE METHOD Figure 7 Apparatus of Guarded Hot Plate Method (2010, Home; [Internet], Available at: http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=2667 , 16 October 2010)The test material is positioned on a flat plate heater with electrically heated inner plate surrounded by guard heater. Its function is to maintain similar temperature at both sides of the gap extricating the main and guard heaters as a result, prevention of lateral heat flow and heat energy flows in the direction of sample. Calculated direct current is functioned to the hot plate and numerous temperatures across cold plates and heater is controlled in order to give off constant temperature at the sample surfaces. Hence, the accuracy of thermal conductivity measurements is dependent on conservation of constant temperature conditions and is measured by Fourier heat flow equation: Equation 4 Measurement of Thermal Conductivity using Guarded Hot plate method where: W = Electrical Power Input dT = Difference in temperature across the specimens d = Sample thickness 6.1.8 CUT-BAR TECHNIQUE Figure 8 Apparatus of Cut-Bar Technique (2010, Home, [Internet] Available at: http://www.anter.com/TN67.htm , 17 October 2010)It is utilized for axial thermal conductivity measurements. An unknown thermal conductivity disk sample is sandwiched between two known thermal conductivity cylinder metal brass by thermal grease and pliable metal in order to reduce interfacial thermal between the cylinders. In addition, a thermocouple situated along the three material pieces produces information on the rate of heat flow by the two known thermal conductivity. Hence, thermal conductivity is calculated using the following equation: Equation 5 Measurement of thermal Conductivity using cut-bar technique There are some other techniques to measure thermal conductivity of solids which include: Steady-State techniques Transient Techniques Four-Probe Method Laser Flash Method Guarded Heat Flow Method Angstrom Method Heat Flow Meter Method Photo thermal Method Transient Hot Strip Method Table 4 Other Techniques to measure thermal conductivity of solids 6.2 METHODS TO MEASURE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS Liquids particles are situated in a cubic lattice, as energy moves from a single lattice plane to the following at a speed at which sound passes through the liquid of interest. Thermal conductivity can be estimated using Bridgemans equation: Equation 6 Bridgemans Equation where: N = Avogadros Constant = (6.023 x 1023) K = (Boltzmanns Constant) = (1.3807 x 10-23 J/K) V= Molar Mass = M/à Ã‚  = Speed of sound through fluid sample A summary of different techniques to measure thermal conductivities of liquids is shown on next page. LASER FLASH METHOD HOT-WIRE METHOD DIFFRENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMTER TRANSIENT TECHNIQUES 3 OMEGA METHOD STEADY STATE TECHNIUQES RADIAL HEAT FLOW APPARATUS CALORIMETER PHOTOPYROELECTRIC DEVICE METHODS TO MEASURE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS Figure 9 Techniques to measure thermal conductivity of liquids 6.2.1 HOT-WIRE METHOD The apparatus consists of hot-wire cells utilizing electrically insulated hot wires dependent on an electrically conducting fluid. Wires of minute diameter are immersed within the fluid and utilized simultaneously as an electrical resistance as well as resistance thermometers, thus to enable calculation of the increase in temperature due to the resistance heating. Thermal conductivity is determined using the same process as mentioned above. Finite dimensions of the fluid can be improved, however modification to the finite dimension of wire can be reduced by utilizing minute hot-wires. 6.2.2 3-OMEGA METHOD Its features include a heating frequency (of 10 KHz), direct measurement of thermal conductivity and temperature range of -190 to 500. It comprises of alternating current and lock in amplifier to estimate thermal conductivity of the dielectric materials directly. Advantages of 3-Omega Method are being precise and fast. Thin metal situated on the specimen, an alternating current with frequency à Ã¢â‚¬ ° exceeds via strip causing heating of the material and measurement of voltage v (t) simultaneously. In addition, assumption of the heat flow along the cross plane axis of the film results in determination of the thermal conductivity using the following equation: Equation 7 Determination of thermal conductivity using 3 Omega Method where: P1 = Power b = Width of the strip =Increase in temperature oscillation of the strip 6.2.3 LASER FLASH METHOD A liquid sample is sandwiched between a minute thin metal disk and a sampler holder. Sample holder minimizes thermal contact with the sample plus suppresses stray light transmitted from the laser to the IR detector. At the time when the laser beam is taken in the front surface of the metal disk, the heat flows downward through liquid sample and temperature rises. Thus, thermal conductivity can be estimated by the disks foil temperature without measuring the thickness of the sample liquid layer and reference material. 6.2.4 DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETER (DSC) It is a linear heating process that has super imposed sinusoidal oscillation which yields in cyclic heating of the sample. Advantages of the method pursue as: Short Analysis time No instrument modification Figure 10 Apparatus of DSC (2010, Home, [Internet], Available at: http://pslc.ws/macrogcss/dsc.html, 1 November 2010) http://pslc.ws/macrogcss/dsc.html Small thermal gradient across the sample Experiment is performed in a non-adiabatic surrounding; numerous unknown specimens with identical length and cross sectional areas are formed. Furthermore, known specimens with their conductivity and a density supplied to the unknown specimen are formed with identical length and cross sectional to the unknown specimen. Each specimen is subjected to an equal amount of rise in heat to estimate the specific heat capacity. Therefore, the thermal conductivity obtained is: Equation 8 Measurement of thermal conductivity using DSC where: D = diameter of the specimen M = Mass of the specimen = Specific heat capacity 6.2.5 CALORIMETER A device designed to overcome the effects of convection that Prevents accurate measurement of liquids conductivities. Measures organic liquids conductivity rapidly and has several advantages which follow as: Short time measurement Accuracy Constant current passes via thermistor which functions as a heating element immersed in the liquid sample. As conductivity varies with liquid, the rate of temperature varies with liquids. Hence, thermal conductivity is inversely proportional to rate of temperature change. 6.2.6 RADIAL HEAT FLOW APPARATUS Figure 11 Apparatus of Radia Heat Flow (2010, Home, [Internet], Available at: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0104-66321999000400009script=sci_arttext, 27 October 2010)A steady-state technique which offers variation of conductivity under pressure as well as absolutes values of conductivity. It is fast and requires a small pressure gradient. Liquid sample is situated between two concentric cylinders (brass and Pyrex glass construction), the axis of the inner cylinder acts as a supply of heat which flows out radially crossways the layer of fluid. Measurements of difference in temperature between inner and an outer surface of the layer of the fluid are taken to obtain thermal conductivity. 6.3 METHODS TO MEASURE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GAS Figure 12 TCD to measure thermal Conductivity of Gas (2010, Home, [Internet], Available at: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S0103-50532004000600009, 2 November 2010) Thermal conductivity detector (TCD) is utilized to measure thermal conductivity of gas by pulse injection. Heat is transmitted from hot to cold element by way of thermal conduction passing through the carrier gas. However, the difference in temperature between hot and cold element is maintained. Due to the thermal flow energy into the gas medium thermal gradient is generated. The power need to heat the hot element is a direct evaluation of the electrically signal output for the thermal conductivity. DISCUSSION As mentioned above, the project is currently at the beginning of the research phase. Investigation into the areas described above is vital as the information gathered will have implications on the selection of the technique for the experiment. The project objectives should be met on schedule as there are not any limitations restricting the project from completion. Whilst performing the experiment in the near future, there may be some timing conflicts as there will be other students using the same machinery in the workshop but as enough time is allocated for the task in hand there should not be any difficulty in completing the objectives. Although there may be some complications when obtaining results, however with the knowledge and experience available via the lab technicians any problem(s) shall be duly addressed. CONCLUSION In conclusion the project aims and deliverables have been identified and the required tasks needed achieve the aims and produce the deliverables have been identified and discussed. An initial Gantt chart has been drawn up to illustrate the sequences and durations of the tasks to be completed. It can be seen that the performance so far is coincident with the planned set of activities for this time period within the Gantt chart. As a result, it is expected that the project is likely to be completed on time.

Shakespeares Problem Plays :: William Shakespeare Poems Literature Essays

Shakespeare's Problem Plays I suggest that a label for the causes of these feelings [of uneasiness and uncertainty of interpretation] might be the tragi-comic view of man: a view which splits the world today, and gives us the "totalitarian" attitude versus the end product of a European tradition which was chivalric and Christian. I mean by this any or all of the following, or any combination of these distinguishable attitudes. 1. A refusal or failure wholly to credit the dignity of man, and the significance that that gives the individual in tragedy. 2. An emphasis (comic, derisive, satiric) on human shortcoming, even when man is engaged in great affairs. 3. Any trend towards suggesting that there is usually another side to all human affairs, and that the "other side" to the serious, dignified, noble, famous and so forth, is comic. This implies a scepticism of man's worth, importance and value; and may range from the quizzical through the ironical to the cynical. 4. Any trend in the direction of expressing unhappiness, disappointment, resentfulness or bitterness about human life, by inverting these feelings and presenting the causes of them as matter for laughter or jest.... 5. A corresponding attitude towards traditionally funny subjects which insinuates that in some way they are serious, or that the stock response to them bypasses pain at human shortcomings or wickedness; or that this stock response depends on a lack of sympathy or insight which an author can make us aware of without abolishing the comic situation. * * * They [the problem plays] have another important themes or terms in common, and all have some echo or parallel in Hamlet. 1. They share a common evaluation of conventionally accepted "nobilities": noble heroes in Troilus and Cressida (and the nobility of courtly love); Authority in ermine in Measure for Measure; a gentleman of family in All's Well. All are deflated; and with the deflations there runs concurrently the critical devaluation of man at large. 2. Interpolated into the critical analytical patterns we find "ideal" figures who check our prattle of "cynicism," "satire" or "misanthropy": Greek and Trojan chivalrically fraternizing; Hector, Uysses in his degree speech, perhaps; the Duke in his quasi regal moments; the Isabella who talks Christian charity so moving.... All are as if inset or montage figures, so that in their context they appear out of phase; .

Satirical Essay on Facebook

Facebook and MySpace are one of the many social networking tools that teens use to communicate. Many spend most of their day browsing other teen’s profiles and updating their own. After all, having a cool profile page and lots of friends is very important in showing off your cyber social status. I don’t like to boast, but Tila Tequila accepted me as her friend on MySpace. I leave her comments fairly often and I’m hoping that one day she will actually reply! Although she has almost 1,000,000 friends, I’m convinced she visits my profile often. We have never had a real conversation but I read her bulletins all the time. I know she is always aware of my updated status and I am positive that’s why she never comments. I myself have about 200 friends. I have only had real conversations with about 50 of them, the rest are people I have spoken to once or twice in my life. Of course I have many other music and movie stars, in addition to Tila Tequila. They are really good at keeping in touch with me thru bulletins. Being constantly made aware of my friends status updates such as, â€Å"I am going to an awesome party tonight†, or â€Å"Today was such a good day†, puts me ahead of the crowd. I don’t know what I would do if I didn’t know what my friends were doing every minute of every day. Like everything else, there are some downsides to MySpace and Facebook. The biggest problem I have encountered is what to do when someone I know, but don’t like adds me as a friend. I occasionally get friend requests from strange people who I met once, but am glad I have never seen again. The problem occurs when they add me as a friend and I don’t want to accept them. Not accepting a person is another way of telling them you don’t like them. However, if you accept them you risk having a long and awkward conversation with someone you don’t like. I guess this is just a problem you have to overcome when maintaining your virtual life. On the brightside, there are many upsides to MySpace and Facebook. You can use programs to remove pimples from your face when uploading your pictures. You can look at the extremely useful surveys people take and find out their favorite band, what their favorite food is, how long they shower for, and many other important facts. You can fake your identity and get pictures of really good looking people with nice cars and claim they are you so you can become really popular. You can even stay in your room for 7 hours straight and not get bored! I truly feel that Facebook is â€Å"a place for friends†. It is friends who have too much time to remain online each day. This realization comes to me very sadly, however, as I do enjoy reading about how Tila Tequila’s day is going. Maybe one day she will come to the same realization and we can have a conversation in the real world.

Climate Change And Its Impact On Ski Industry Tourism Essay Essays

Climate Change And Its Impact On Ski Industry Tourism Essay Essays Climate Change And Its Impact On Ski Industry Tourism Essay Essay Climate Change And Its Impact On Ski Industry Tourism Essay Essay This essay negotiations about the presence of clime alteration and its impact on ski industry which is dependent activity on conditions conditions. Global heating has been considered as a mega hazard and it has a inclination to be lasting and therefore it is highly complicated to mensurate its results. As Nicholls ( 2006 ) mentioned, clime alteration is today strongly accepted by many universe s scientists and authoritiess as an issue of enormous dismay for the people worldwide. This essay considers different theoretical accounts of possible impacts of planetary warming on different parts of the universe. Steyger and Mayers ( 2008 ) said that since the 1990s the likely dependance of snow touristry to climate alteration has received greater watchfulness in the media. Increasing figure of writers focus on this affair every bit good as on the adaptation schemes of ski resorts. This paper demonstrates that planetary heating is a job which forced bulk of ski resorts all over the universe to react to endure alterations in order to last. Essay negotiations about options that are available to ski resorts and brings on the treatment of their use and their effectivity. Ski resorts all over the universe are likely to see a loss of snow consistence and that is why supervising of ski parts has to be more witting when it comes to future of snow conditions in their geographics country. Global heating s impact on ski industry Models of projected results of planetary heating Climate every bit good as the natural environment associated with conditions alteration can probably to impact alfresco leisure and touristry. Businesss linked to skiing industry are mostly exposed to the projected impacts of planetary heating because skiing is an activity dependant on clime conditions. Bricknell and McManus ( 2006 ) considered that it is one of the first and the most visibly wedged industries by the hazard of planetary warming worldwide. Folland et Al ( 2001 ) as mentioned in Moen and Fredman ( 2007 ) stated that one-year snow cover degree in the Northern hemisphere has decreased by about 10 % since 1966 and besides that old decennary was wetter and warmer compared to the anterior 30-year period in whole Europe. Global heating has already affected and will most likely carry on with impacting physical and natural systems all over the universe. As Moen and Fredman ( 2007 ) refered to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC, 2001 ) , the expected effects of pl anetary warming include a proposed encouragement of globally averaged outside temperature by 1.4 to 5.8 A ; deg ; C between old ages 1990 and 2100 which would besides perchance take to sea flat rise of 0.88m globally. ZAMG ( 2007 ) as cited in Breiling s and Charamza ( 1999 ) found out that because of planetary warming the line of usual snowfall steadiness will raise by about 150 m of height per 1 A ; deg ; C of warming. For better image, low attitude ski resorts are those below 1800-2000 m and therefore, the bulk of ski resorts in the universe. Not to advert Breiling s and Charamza s ( 1999 ) appraisal that a 1 A ; deg ; C rise in mean temperatures with winter drouth may cut down the continuance of snow screen by 50 % at heights in scope of 1400 1600 m. For illustration, Moen and Fredman ( 2007 ) estimated that no more than 63 % of the full Swiss ski parts will be snow consistent one time a temperature rise by 2 A ; deg ; C, non to advert the impact in the worst instance and t herefore, in addition of temperature by 5.8 A ; deg ; C, taking to account IPCC s theoretical account. If we link these few findings together, we may reason that in the worst fortunes, the natural snow dependableness will lift by 870m of height by twelvemonth 2100 which would intend that ski resorts of height about 2000m may stop up with every bit much snow as heights in parts about 1000m today. Larsson ( 2003 ) concentrated his research on clime alteration adaptation in Canada and the findings are really similar to of those in Europe. He used theoretical account of McCarthy s ( 2001 ) research which estimated that planetary heating in Arctic land countries may go theatrical by twelvemonth 2080. Summer temperatures would increase by 4.0-7.5 A ; deg ; C, winter temperatures by 2.5-14.0 A ; deg ; C. These Numberss are even more. If these anticipations are about to be fulfilled, it would take to runing of permafrost, taking to dirty with condensed bearing capacity in ice rich countries and active parts of irregular permafrost. Additionally as he found out, the planetary heating effects may diminish periods of utmost cold and on other manus addition frequence of utmost heat in North America. Turning sea degrees and danger of rainstorm class, and therefore danger of coastal implosion therapy, fluctuations in timing, regularity and badness of deluging linked to rainstorms are li kely to go a world. Moen and Fredman ( 2007 ) mentioned that harmonizing to Mendelsohn and Markowski ( 1999 ) , planetary heating would most probably have an consequence on out-of-door leisure in three ways in the hereafter. These include handiness of leisure possibilities throughout longer summer seasons and shorter winter seasons. The comfort in general, satisfaction of leisure activities and the quality of the leisure experience. These sort of alterations will bring forth victors every bit good as also-rans as diverse kinds of outside diversion activities involve dissimilar climatic conditions. These results are though generalizations that may be applicable at corporate degree, whilst it would anticipate big territory and neighboring fluctuations between different touristry activities. All of the above findings are dismaying for winter touristry finishs and therefore directions of ski countries have to be really cognizant of possible impact of clime alteration on their ski musca volitanss as the snow is cardinal facet of ski touristry. Snow conditions as a cardinal factor Winter touristry is in many ways reliant on natural characteristics such as terrain, lift or perpendicular autumn. On other manus, even more important characteristics are upwind conditions, and therefore temperatures, airstream and snowfall. With lessening in snow screen, whatever the terrain or perpendicular autumn may be, it is about impossible to develop any ski chances. More writers agreed that snow screen is a cardinal variable for consumers to make up ones mind where to ski. Suggestions that impacts on planetary heating on winter touristry can be important are evident from research from different parts of the universe. For illustration, Fukushima et Al ( 2002 ) as expressed in Moen and Fredman ( 2007 ) formed the interactions linking air heat, rainfall, snow strength and the sum of skiers at seven different ski resorts in Japan. They found out that the figure of skiers decreased by 30 % when temperature increased by 3-C. Godfrey ( 1999 ) found out that one of the most of import facets act uponing finish picks of English skiers traveling to Canada is snow conditions. These findings strengthen an statement that snow conditions and snow screen may be regarded as the most of import factor for any ski resort. As discussed and illustrated before, the phenomenon of planetary heating may, and most probably will hold a immense impact on snow conditions in mountains and ski countries and therefore it will besides hold important influence on concerns of new every bit good as matured ski finishs. Majority of them started to experience impacts of planetary heating and they are seeking to happen solutions in order to react to endure alterations so they have better opportunity to last and maintain their concerns alive. The inquiry is, is all it possible even without non adequate natural snowfall? Adaptation by ski industry Artificial snow-making Steiger and Mayer ( 2008 ) concentrated their research on Austria s and Swiss s ski industry and stated that technically created snow is the most used change attack for remarkably hot winter seasons. Nicholls ( 2006 ) who researched clime alteration and its impact on out-of-door touristry in Europe said that cardinal technological change to snow absence is the execution of unreal snow-making installations. Moen and Fredman ( 2007 ) considered that the most general version to snow-deficient winters in Sweden is besides unreal snow-making. The pattern of snowmaking is progressively characteristic for the Australian ski industry excessively ( Bricknell and McManus, 2006 ) . Snowmaking may be used non merely to act upon ski season continuances but besides to cut down snow changeableness throughout the season. This is viewed as an insurance policy for get the better ofing the undependability of seasons and covering with the possible impacts of clime alteration. Snowmaking could be conside red short to medium-term version attack, non merely for low height ski finishs but every bit good as for financially strong year-around resorts at higher heights ( Nicholls, 2006 ) . For case, in Austria about 60 % of the ski countries are covered by unreal snow-making installations ( FSO, 2007 in Steyger and Mayer, 2008 ) . But the distribution of snow-making can non be related to planetary heating as tendencies in touristry, position, and competitory advantage are important characteristics. Steiger and Mayer ( 2008 ) said that ski resorts are forced to construct up snow-making capablenesss with cost for their fiscal strength as warm winters are going more common than in the yesteryear. However the possible aid of this machinery to the practicableness of winter touristry finishs have yet to be formed by research workers as the important outgos are linked with this step. For case, about 27 % of ski resorts in Switzerland have a decreased hard currency watercourse already and most do non look to be feasible without aid ( Seilbahnen Schweiz 2006 in Steiger and Mayer, 2008 ) . Elsasser and Burki ( 2002 ) and Scott et Al. ( 2003 ) as described in Nicholls ( 2006 ) , stated that snowmaking comfortss are dearly-won to assemble and preserve, and need important sums of H2O and power to work. For that ground, many of the little and in-between scope ski resorts would non hold adequate money for the execution of such engineering. Use of snow-making engineering In readying for the skiing season of 2006-2007 the Austria s Tyrolean ski industry invested EUR 55 million in snowmaking, with EUR 270 million in overall investings even though, the past winter seasons had brought sufficient snowfall yet at lower lifts ( Tiroler Tageszeitung 2006 as illustrated in Steyger and Mayers, 2008 ) . This points out that while the operators observe clime fortunes as on a regular basis excessively bleary and unsure, they are good cognizant of planetary heating and are seeking for version schemes. Besides, medium-term investing schemes are non tailored, as there is a batch of assurance in the betterment capacities of snowmaking machinery with a clear perceivable hole between conditions alteration and economic investing stages ( Mayer et al 2007 in Steiger and Mayer, 2008 ) . As they mentioned, while the hapless winter seasons at the terminal of the 1980s sparked unreal snowmaking in Tyrol, extra distribution was non related to endure capriciousness and planeta ry heating scenarios. On other manus, there is inclination to provide even of course snow consistent ski resorts in high height countries higher than 2000m or in even 2500m with snow-making comfortss. These lifts may be regarded as of course snow consistent even in pessimistic planetary heating scenarios. As they said, snow-making comfortss can be besides used as publicity instrument to be a magnet for tourers, to construct repute and to keep monetary values higher than it would by and large be. These resources could possibly be used in more sustainable manner than merely unneeded use of H2O wealth and other hurts of snow guns. Snow-making guns are non needfully used in order merely to do ski inclines useable for longer period of clip. Main enthusiasm for the alone diffusion of snowmakers are that snowmaking should procure tourer capacity ingestion, overseas telegram auto companies grosss, and images of resorts in which domestic every bit good as international ski competition go on . Furthermore, it ought to vouch wide environment for learning and exerting of winter athleticss. How is planetary warming related to diffusion of snow-making installations? Austria s instance is different as there are many high-level ski resorts but Bricknell and McManus ( 2006 ) interviewed CEOs of three different ski resorts in Australia on this issue. CEOs assured that snowmaking engineering may assist to contradict jutting clime alteration impacts. The Chief executive officer of one resort suggested that, under planetary heating, snowmaking conditions may be unaffected or even improved because drier colder darks are good for snow-making which would help the long term viability of the industry. The Chief executive officer of 2nd resort noted that snowmaking is a necessary investing regardless of the possible impacts of clime alteration due to current consumer demands on the industry. CEO of 3rd resort nevertheless, argued that planetary heating could hold important impact on unreal snow-making as this engineering still depends on clime conditions and therefore it still would non needfully get the better of the issue. Global heating and unreal snow-making Global heating may act upon snowmaking in few ways. Decrease in natural snowfall would necessitate more snowmaking ; addition in mean temperatures would diminish the length and sum of possibilities and hike the disbursals of doing snow ; and fluctuations in rainfall may straiten the H2O supply for snowmaking ( Scott et al. , 2006 in Moen and Fredman, 2007 ) . Analysiss in North America have exposed that unreal snowmaking can significantly decrease the pessimistic results of clime alteration but merely if the temperature stays adequately low ( Scott, 2006 ; Scott et al. , 2006 in Moen and Fredman, 2007 ) . Nicholls ( 2006 ) stated that unreal snow-making demands certain climatic milieus, as for illustration minimal temperatures to be met and therefore, this system may in several fortunes be prohibited beside the addition in warmth related to the planetary heating. The most of import thing about snow-making is that snow guns and their use are limited by conditions conditions ( Steiger and Mayer, 2008 ) . High-quality snow can be accomplished with snow creative activity get downing below -6 A ; deg ; C at mean humidness. On top of that, snowmaking conditions are prejudiced by heat and wetness ; if the air is wetter, lower temperatures are required. With recent snowmaking tools snow can be produced below -5 A ; deg ; C. Fliri s ( 1974 ) conditions tabular arraies as expressed in Steiger and Mayer ( 2008 ) show a strong connexion between -2 A ; deg ; C day-to-day mean temperature and -6 A ; deg ; C daily lowest temperature ( Nicholls, 2006 ) . Days making the threshold of -2 A ; deg ; C day-to-day mean temperature are defined as prospective snowmaking yearss with best snowmaking conditions. Additionally, snowmaking is merely considered realistic if it can poise out the loss during snowmelt. Therefore for bulk of low-level ski resorts this scheme does non piece up the issue of planetary heating for long term and they have to get down to look for other strategic options in order to get the better of the jobs of extremum season shortness and falling visitant Numberss as a consequence of clime alteration. Moen and Fredman ( 2007 ) adopted from Burki et Al ( 2003 ) some other adaptation schemes ski resorts may see. Apart from snow-making, resorts could concentrate on different activities in order to carry through consumer demands and to last on competitory concern market. Slope development and operational patterns At active ski countries, incline enlargement changes consist of: incline contouring, landscape gardening, and the defense mechanism of glaciers. Contouring or flatting ski inclines could be preparing inclines in the summer season to extinguish stones or bush flora, to cut down the snow astuteness needed to run and stand for a cost economy attack for snowmaking ( Scott and McBoyle, 2007 ) . Land contouring can besides be used to capture snowmelt and exceed up snowmaking armored combat vehicles during the winter. Strategic placing and planting of tree screen can capture traveling snow and to some extent somberness ski inclines, which would cut down snowmelt and snowmaking demands. Additionally to the accommodation of already runing skiable environment, the enlargement of new skiable terrain in climatically privileged sites is by and large cited as an change to climate alteration. The development of north confronting inclines, which retain snowpack thirster, is one scheme excessively. A s Scott and McBoyle ( 2007 ) realised, more writers agreed that enlargement of ski countries into higher lifts, with by and large more dependable snow screen, where a longer ski season is possible, seems to be one of the cardinal clime alteration version schemes considered by ski country operators in the European Alps. Thirty six ski countries in Austria were expecting mandate to develop their operations into higher lifts in 2002- 2003. Wolfsegger et Al. ( ) as illustrated in Scott and McBoyle ( 2007 ) said that spread outing to higher lifts was the 3rd most favorite planetary warming version pick by Austrian ski country directors, after snowmaking and sharing snowmaking costs with the adjustment industry. Nicholls ( 2006 ) besides agreed that scheme of development of higher height ski resorts is option that tends to be of favor for bing ski resorts. Large ski corporations over smaller, family-owned concerns tend to utilize this scheme. Although, such betterments would show a host of ecological and safety concerns which the industry would necessitate to cover with in order to continue the industry in a feasible attack. These comprise bigger force per unit area from new production every bit good as improved waste creative activity. Besides due to mountain terrain or tallness this scheme is in many instances impossible. Other option is to collaborate or spread out into countries with more dependable snow which may on other manus diversify income construction of resorts. Scott and McBoyle ( 2007 ) said that high lift mountain environments are peculiarly sensitive to disturbance and resistance from the populace and environmental groups may present a important restraint on this version sche me in some locations. Marketing inducements and new merchandise developments Bricknell and McManus ( 2006 ) suggested that many resorts use scheme of flexible ticket pricing policy and therefore cut downing ticket monetary values in order to pull more skiers. Scott and McBoyle ( 2007 ) mentioned that ski companies have already begun to experiment with inducements or warrants to get the better of skiers reluctance to book a ski vacation because of unsure snow conditions. In the winter of 1999-2000, for illustration, the American Skiing Company promised visitants to its six New England part ski resorts a 25 % decrease on their following holiday if the ski country failed to open 70 % of their ski tallies during the Christmas-New Year vacation period. Warm temperatures that season forced three of the six resorts to pay clients discounts ( Keates, 2000 in Scott and McBoyle, 2007 ) . Another scheme could be to develop non-snow related activities in winter or to go all season finish as more picks could pull more tourers and it could convey other benefits. All twelvemonth round touristry could be developed by supplying clime independent touristry such as conference or educational touristry. Nicholls ( 2006 ) mentioned that the edifice of conference comfortss combined with the part of a wide assortment of outside leisure activities during the seasons may supply resorts with a balanced, changeless beginning of gross that is less dependent on conditions conditions. On other manus, the enlargement of such replacements needs an primary ballad out of financess which may travel beyond the capablenesss of smaller ski concerns. Over the past three decennaries, many ski countries in North America have diversified their operations beyond traditional ski activities to include the proviso of skiing and snowboarding lessons, adjustment and retail gross revenues ( Scott and McBoyle, 2007 ) . The Economist ( 1998 ) referred to the change of major ski resorts in North America from ski countries to winter subject Parkss, as the Disneyfication of the winter athleticss industry ( Scott and McBoyle, 2007 ) . Non-skiers represent an of import market at ski resorts. Williams and Dossa ( 1990 ) estimated that 20-30 % of visitants to ski resorts in Canada did non ski during their visit ( Scott and McBoyle, 2007 ) . They besides pointed out that in season 1974-75, lift tickets stood for about 80 % of net incomes for the usual ski country in the US. Nowadays, lift tickets stand for non even than half the net incomes, as other activities have risen in significance. Therefore to diversify the market and besides to diminish th e force per unit area of demand on ski lifts, this scheme seems to be really supportive for bing ski resorts with capablenesss to make so. Many ski resorts have made significant investings to supply surrogate activities for non-skiing visitants. For illustration snowmobiling, skating, dog sled-rides, indoor pools, wellness and health watering place, fittingness Centres, squash and tennis, games suites, eating houses, retail shops and many others. Moen and Fredman ( 2007 ) agreed, developing options to skiing during winter is good recognized scheme to get the better of falling visitant Numberss into ski countries ; nevertheless he pointed out, that it is besides debatable as many of these options are reliant on snow conditions or ice-covered lakes and therefore dependant on clime conditions. All twelvemonth round touristry The most promising scheme in order to wholly get the better of the jobs of planetary heating may be to develop all-year unit of ammunition touristry. Furthermore, offset pessimistic fiscal effects as of planetary heating, such a scheme would every bit good hold optimistic public effects on conventional winter finishs as seasonal unsimilarity in employment chances are bridged over. A figure of ski resorts have farther diversified their concern operations to go four season resorts , offering non-winter activities such as golf, boating and white-water rafting, mountain biking, parasailing, horseback equitation and other concern lines. At many larger resorts, existent estate building and direction has besides become a really of import beginning of gross. On other manus, as Bricknell and McManus ( 2006 ) stated, the development of summer touristry needs long term readying in order for them to develop grasp in this market. The resorts will hold to postulate with each other and with summer finishs such as coastal locations, which would be in many instances really tough, particularly where coastal summer touristry takes topographic point. The enlargement of touristry into the summer season in sequence to back up or to trade snow touristry may besides direct to environmental struggles. Activities that resorts may desire to advance, such as motorcycle equitation and Equus caballus equitation, could accidentally leak out into parts of saving where they are out. These sorts of activities are besides known to decline environmental issues, such as eroding and the spread of alien species. If these signifiers of touristry addition in popularity, the transporting capacity for these mountain finishs must be re-evaluated to embrace their possible impacts. Role of public sector The public good feature of clime alteration creates complicated challenge for fiscal and political organisations. The deficiency of an unchanged conditions is non connected to turning monetary values and is non needfully measured to the top valued consumers. To keep well-organized policies, inputs from fiscal appraisals of planetary heating impacts are indispensable. Such financially feasible steps consist of direct economic impacts to the economic system every bit good as benefits to the subscribers. For case, Scott et Al. ( 2002 ) as described in Scott and McBoyle ( 2007 ) used disbursement records to present estimate of the possible economic impacts from g oobal heating on skiing in Canada, whilst Richardson and Loomis ( 2005 ) calculated the effects of clime on motive to pay to see Rocky Mountain National Park. Many writers put some attempts to put an economic value on planetary heating impacts to touristry and outside leisure. For illustration, as Scott and McBoyle ( 2007 ) said , Meier ( 1998 ) approximated the cost of planetary heating for the 4 season touristry in Switzerland at USD 1.1 1.4 billion by the twelvemonth 2050. Scott and McBoyle ( 2007 ) said that better conditions prediction would do available an enhanced foundation for hazard appraisals and tactical concern picks, every bit good as the timing of seasonal gaps or when to get down unreal snowmaking. Negotiations with ski operators in eastern North America propose that the industry does non soon use seasonal prognosiss in their operational decision-making and substantial sweetenings in calculating accurateness would be necessary before these merchandises would accomplish a degree of realistic value for the ski industry. Some ski operators yet think about five to seven yearss prognosiss as excessively untrusty for operational decision-making and applied prognosiss from different states or classified services alternatively of governmental prognosiss ( Scott and McBoyle, 2007 ) . Announcements to the community through the media could be a farther facet of prediction that could be improved in some countries. Ski operators on occasion have advers arial interaction with a figure of neighbouring media for the ground that of what they recognise as inaccurate exposure of conditions conditions and prognosiss that they disagree be them concern ( King, 2005 in Scott and McBoyle, 2007 ) . Government support to the ski industry has taken topographic point in the assortment of discounted energy costs, long-standing rentals of communal lands and substructure supports, but the industry has non gained from the sorts of endorsing plans offered to other climate-sensitive trade sectors such as for illustration, patron crop insurance for the agribusiness sector. In the hereafter, skiing based touristry economic losingss consequential from unpleasant clime fortunes may be equal for authorities concern and support in some instances. Government engagement in the ski industry s chance could possibly take a figure of signifiers. Direct engagement could come throughout fiscal aid, cover support or selling proposals. Ultimately, authorities policie s linked to set down and H2O usage, and energy and gross disbursement could impact skiing operations positively. Government fiscal aid for snowmaking was greatly supported by Austrian ski country directors, whilst authorities aid for fiscal losingss because of hapless winters was merely to some extent supported ( Wolfsegger et al, 2005 as demonstrated in Scott and McBoyle, 2007 ) . Decision This essay discussed the job of planetary heating and its projected impacts on ski industry all over the universe. It demonstrated that clime alteration is loosely accepted as a mega hazard, peculiarly for concerns dependant on conditions conditions. Numerous ski resorts, particularly those that are established at lower lifts could confront serious jobs if climate alteration prognosiss are about to be accurate in the hereafter. Among limited supply of downhill ski resorts, coupled with an bing high demand for the activity, it would perchance take to yet other singular addition in monetary values and environmental force per unit areas. Ski resorts have several scheme options to see when it comes to job of non sufficient snow cover in their geographics country. Some tend to utilize unreal snow-making installations, some purpose to diversify their concern portfolio by offering a new merchandises and developments of new touristry attractive forces. The most promising scheme to get the better of planetary heating job, as regarded by few writers, was to go an all-year unit of ammunition touristry finish. However, all of these adaptation schemes tend to travel manus in manus with the issue of sustainability which should be taken more earnestly as all developments take topographic point in highly sensitive environments. The essay demonstrated that adaptation schemes are progressively used already by ski resorts in many parts of the universe and that sometimes these are non even related to planetary heating. The most normally used adaptation schemes are non without ecological and fiscal costs. Water use from natural H2O organic structures can lesser H2O strengths and influence fishing detrimentally. Power demands are high as good and reciprocally linked to warmth, and will therefore prolong higher outgo the warmer the temperatures get. By agencies of this type of upset of demand to ski parts with higher height, ecological tonss upon the nearby environments would be enlarged. This paper merely reasonably points out issues that come along with new developments and enlargements of ski parts and these should be further discussed and analysed.

7 Cases for Inserting or Omitting Commas

7 Cases for Inserting or Omitting Commas 7 Cases for Inserting or Omitting Commas 7 Cases for Inserting or Omitting Commas By Mark Nichol Here are discussions of seven types of situations in which the presence or absence of a comma depends on various factors. 1. Word Function Whether a comma follows a word sometimes depends on the function of the word. For example, when now is employed at the head of a sentence to refer to the present time, there’s no reason to separate it from the rest of the statement: â€Å"Now you know.† But when now serves as an interjection to mark a transition or attract someone’s attention, it should be set off: â€Å"Now, have you had dinner?† (That same series of words could be used in a temporal sense, though: â€Å"Now have you had dinner?† suggests that the writer is impatient with the person the question is directed to.) 2. Before Because A sentence such as â€Å"I didn’t want to go because I hadn’t enjoyed myself last time† implies that the writer is explaining that the lack of enjoyment isn’t a factor in reluctance to attend an event; the reason for the reluctance will presumably follow. But if the meaning is opposite if the lack of enjoyment is the reason for the reluctance to attend a comma should precede because to signal that what follows the comma is a dependent clause: â€Å"I didn’t want to go, because I hadn’t enjoyed myself last time† Alternatively, the dependent clause can begin the sentence: â€Å"Because I hadn’t enjoyed myself last time, I didn’t want to go.† 3. Apposition An appositive is a word or phrase equivalent in meaning to an adjacent word or phrase, as in â€Å"She wrote to her brother, John†; â€Å"her brother† and â€Å"John† mean the same thing, so they are appositives, and the comma is necessary to set it off. However, if the woman has more than one brother, write â€Å"She wrote to her brother John.† Similarly, in â€Å"I met the writer, Jane Doe,† the comma is correct only if the writer has been alluded to before without mention of her name. Otherwise, the comma between the appositives suggests that only one writer exists. (And that puts me out of a job.) Even if writer is modified, the meaning differs: â€Å"I met the mystery writer, Jane Doe† suggests a previous reference to two or more writers, only one of whom writes mysteries, whereas â€Å"I met the mystery writer Jane Doe† simply specifies the genre in which Jane Doe writes. 4. Relative Clauses Commas may or may not be necessary, depending on whether each statement in an otherwise identical pair of sentences uses the word that or which: In â€Å"The house that Jack built is falling apart,† the phrase â€Å"that Jack built† is essential to the sentence, which specifies a particular house. In â€Å"The house, which Jack built, is falling apart,† the emphasis is on what is happening to the house, and the identity of the builder is a parenthetical, so the optional information should be bracketed by commas. â€Å"The house which Jack built is falling apart,† without commas, is also correct; it is identical in meaning to â€Å"The house that Jack built is falling apart.† However, the convention in American English is to avoid using which in this sense to prevent confusion with the meaning of the sentence with the parenthetical phrase. 5. Short Introductory Phrases Many people choose to omit a comma after introductory phrases of just a few words, as in â€Å"During the summer I like to travel.† However, such omission is arbitrary when such sentences are compared to those with longer introductory phrases and wrong in the case of transitional tags like finally, furthermore, and unfortunately and for the sake of consistency, a comma should follow any introductory word or phrase. 6. Short Independent Clauses In brief sentences such as â€Å"I will sort and you can staple† that consist of two independent clauses (complete thoughts that could stand on their own as distinct sentences), writers often choose to omit the otherwise obligatory comma before the conjunction. But just as in the case of short introductory phrases, there is the problem of where to draw the line. Does one establish a rule about how many words each clause must contain to dictate whether a comma is employed, or does one judge each sentence on its own? Let simplicity be your guide: Always include a comma. 7. Coordinate and Noncoordinate Adjectives When two or more adjectives sequentially modify a noun, depending on their relationship, they may or may not be separated by commas. To test whether to insert or omit commas, replace them with and. For example, â€Å"She was wearing a bright, cheerful expression† can also be written â€Å"She was wearing a bright and cheerful expression.† (The adjectives can be reversed in either case, too.) However, â€Å"She was wearing a dark green blouse† cannot be rendered â€Å"She was wearing a dark and green blouse,† because dark and green describe the blouse in combination, whereas bright and cheerful separately describe the expression. Also, in this case, the adjectives cannot be reversed: â€Å"She was wearing a green dark blouse† is illogical because dark modifies green, not blouse. Therefore, no comma should separate the two terms. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to use "on" and when to use "in"36 Poetry Terms50 Synonyms for "Song"

Does Audit Regulation Ensure Auditor Independence Dissertation

Does Audit Regulation Ensure Auditor Independence - Dissertation Example Unlike the legal representatives, he is not projected to make out a case. The nature of the service he provides is impersonal (Sells, 1908). Near the beginning of 1928, a perspective in the Paper of Accountancy emphasized the subsistence of a clash of interest when an auditor is a stockowner, executive, or leader of the association. It declared: The accountant should be absolutely detached from financial or other contribution in the success or failure of an activity under audit that no one could ever point an indicting finger, however unfairly, and allege the likelihood of bias (Journal of Accountancy, 1928). Carey and Doherty (1966) arose with three different views of auditor independence: First, in the logic of not being subsidiary, it means candour, veracity, objectivity and dependability. Subsequent, in the constricted sense in which it is exercised in association with auditing and articulation of views on economic proclamations, independence means evasion of any affiliation that would be probably, even unintentionally, to spoil the chartered accountant's independence as reviewer. Last of all, it means evasion of associations that to a sensible onlooker would advise an argument of interest. The auditing line of work has come under regular analysis regarding the auditor's perceived objectivity: In 1970, Forbes brought out editorial inquiring auditor independence by hoisting the following: As auditors are chosen and remunerated by management, are they really independent (Forbes, 1970). In 1974, the Wall Street Journal issued one more editorial in which an investor condemned a $1.6 million lend by the bank to the firm's... This study looks into the importance of auditor independence was acknowledged by the UK in 1845. Most states have copied the UK track in entailing that independent auditors review economic reports. Most nations view auditor independence not just as an officially authorized precept but also an ethical affair to deem with. Most rules of moral code prescribe arguments of importance by not: allowing the auditor to work as director or member of staff of the firm audited; acting as a commercial trustee of the firm audited, admitting or warranting loans from or to an audit customer, having a straight or circuitous matter interest in the firm audited, imagining operating tasks, having family rapport with the audit customer, or being in positions in which auditor independence is deduced to be weakened. As the access to the UK into the European General Market (EEC) and the ratification of the Eighth Company Law Directive on auditor's credentials, the European nations are publicizing themselves with the American thought of auditor independence. Some opponents think, however, those cultural discrepancies among European nations make the perception of auditor independence a type of casement dressing. According to the research findings, this paper makes a conclusion that this may be the motive that directed the International Audit Committee of the International Federation of Accounting to permit the local governments' agreement with issues of auditor independence and other correlated issues.

Website Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Website Analysis - Essay Example It is through downloading or liking of the posts that earn the owner of the posts a specified amount of money. Artists prefer using this website as it is reliable and commonly used by a majority of people worldwide. After the news broadcast on any channel in the world, it is possible to obtain the news at youtube at any time for example KBC news from Kenya is obtainable in this website at any time. However, entertainment items cover a major section of the site. Music and movies from all over the world are available at the website. Youtube contains parental control application that helps in blocking any information that is not necessary for view in underage individuals. It encourages the flow of information to relevant individuals without leaking any information to unnecessary viewers. There are various goals in association with youtube the main purpose being simplifying share of videos from all over the world quickly. The video materials may be movies, music, pranks or motivational speeches from different regions of the globe. In addition, it serves as a medium of interaction among the members of the website that mainly contain various cultural values beliefs and norms. Just like another interaction sites like Facebook, Youtube provides the chance to it members to create more friends along the globe. All the above goals are in achievement as the site has offered the opportunity to make the goals come true. The writings on the website give directions to the users on how to maximize the use of the site. However, the writings simplify the search of items for the users to avoid wastage of time and complications in using it. The textual designs in this website give the viewers a center of attraction as the designs serve the purpose of making the website beautiful and attractive. It provides different colors and images that attract personnel encouraging more users to join the site. The primary visual